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Art History Encyclopedia:… Century to 17th Century
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Art History Encyclopedia - 11th Century to 17th Century.iso
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HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE XVII AND XVIII CENTURIES
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Even though until the end of Renaissance it is relatively
simple to fit in school and styles, when this century decays,
new tendencies such as Baroque, Classicism and later the
derivation of Neo-Classicism start to appear and it is
difficult to clearly outline stages and schools.
In effect, while studying biographies and analyzing the dates
of creation of the different works in different countries, we
observe how lines cross and, according to the art critics we
take into account or the histories of art which are analyzed,
one painter can appear in one school or other or belonging to
an intermadiate period, where we cannot exactly determine
where he belonged in.
So as to analyze the remaining styles in our collection, we
prefer to introduce the reader to a historical summary of the
XVII and XVIII centuries, before analyzing in detail the
Baroque, Classical and Neo-Classical styles.
Historical Environment of the XVII Century
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The common denominator in this period are the wars, the pests,
the processes carried out by the Inquisition, the definite
triumph of Reformation in the north, the repressions this
brought about and the struggle by Jesuits for
Counterreformation.
As opposed to what has been said above, the noble palaces are
more ornamented than in the XVI century. As it can be seen,
the values exhalted in Renaissance go into the oblivion marred
between blood and luxury.
This art is also influenced by the triumph of
Counterreformation and the consolidation of the Papacy's
temporal and spiritual power. This makes up a triumphal style
in arquitecture which marks this success.
Under the direction of Popes Sixtus V and Clement VII, who
searched for truth (perhaps the best Renaissance's legacy),
appear Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei and Tomasso Campanella.
In what painting is concerned, the greatness of
Counterreformation is abandoned and painters tend to revive
the christian life of the Gospel and the identification of the
religious spirit with the moral action.
Historical Environment of the XVIII Century
-------------------------------------------
In this century we have great sovereigns such as Frederik II,
Catherine II, Joseph II, Joseph I of Portugal, who at their
different moments try to economically improve their countries,
encourage agriculture, build roads and reduce the role of the
Church, secularizing the clergy's revenues and attacking the
Society of Jesus. This breaks up in Portugal, France, Spain,
Naples and Parma and the jesuits seek refuge in Prussia and
Russia. In this countries, together with the newly freed
Amerinan colonies, they produce a deep change in the
international relations and, we could also say, they make up a
milestone for modern politics.
A general interest for thinking, science amd philosophy can be
perceived (e.g., the representative case of Volataire and his
deep influence in his time). Passion for art and history
permit the flourishing of museums; the discovery of the buried
cities of Ponpeii and Herculaneum, carried out in 1748, give
way to the rebirth of passion for everything that is related
to Antiquity.
Great changes take place which will exert a huge influence on
future years: in 1776 the French guilds are abolished and
British unions are born. As a consequence, the proletariat is
born towards the end of the century.
At the same time, a strong cosmopolitan tendency appears;
princes and magnates travel throughout Europe, beginning by
Peter the Great, Joseph II and others. Artists, specially
French ones, and Italian nusicians travel through the world.
Houdon will go to America to portrait Washington, while the
American Stuart will paint Louis XVI during his stay in Paris.